Perhaps by chance, depending on who he speaks with first and learns of the civil wars ongoing nature, he could join simply for the sake of the fight? Obviously if he has honor he isn't killing indiscriminately so he must have goals that could in ways be met by siding with either side.
When asking him what honor means.
He would say: ''Honor means fighting for your believes and the people dieing without reasons.''
Considering Talos is outlawed and his worshippers get killed for worshipping him, he would find that very offensive, which might result in him joining up with The Stormcloaks.