I went in as a wolfie Dawnguard and chose to have a part of my soul taken.
- While in the Soul Cairn, my character had
(if I remember correctly) -15 to magicka/health/stamina.
- That portion is considered payment for being able to enter the realm,
and only applies while in the Soul Cairn.- Upon exiting my stats were back to normal.
- I was able to re-enter wthout incident.
- If you wish, you can recover your soul fragment before exiting the Cairn.
That's as much as I know so far. Meaning I have no idea if you can re-enter after retrieving your fragment.
Maybe another member can comment on actual experience with that aspect/possibility.
Hope that helps