So what makes the X+ mods so special? Simple: they're reusable.
Normally when you attach a mod to a weapon, the mod is "consumed": it disappears from either your inventory, or the workbench storage. With the X+ mods, this isn't the case: while the weapon gets the effects of the standard version of the X+ mod, the mod itself remains in your inventory or workbench. Scrapping or selling the weapon while the mod is attached also doesn't get rid of the copy in your inventory or workbench, either. This means that you can use the X+ mods to either farm materials (if the indicated mod affects what you get when you scrap the item), or to increase the value of the weapon, so you can sell it for more.
That said, there are two main drawbacks to this. First, Teagan only sells mods for the Laser, Gatling Laser, Minigun, and Missile Launcher. Second, not every mod he sells is an X+ mod, and as far as I can tell, there's no way to tell which one he's selling until you take the mod to the weapon bench.
Overall, I doubt that this will be game-changing for anyone. However, I do think that it's something worth knowing.