Are there any mods that will allow me to rename items in my inventory? For example, let's say that I have an iron sword in my inventory. I want to rename it to Aeromancer's Iron Sword. Is there such a mod out there?

If none exists, could someone point me in the direction of a mod that allows me to name the potions I create?

I've scoured the Skyrim Nexus and Steam Workshop only to come out empty handed.

I don't think so. You could use the editor to make your own mod where the items have the name you want them to have though.

If I enchant an item and give it a custom name, will it retain its name when using this mod? http://skyrim (dot) nexusmods (dot) com/downloads/file (dot) php?id=9894

You can assign the name you want when you enchant an item in the first place. What's the problem?