Yeah, unfortunately clairvoyance is completely bugged and what you describe is one of the common bugs, the path just doesnt show up at all.
Also fun, when it
does work it will send you into a mountainside, floor or the door youre supposed to exit the dungeon from and that is locked from the other side with depressing regularity.
I had planned to play a Dunmer whos ancestors guided his path with that spell, but I had to give that idea up or accept that my ancestors do not like me.
I dont know, every day Im finding more dissapointments with Skyrim.
It seems I cannot find one single feature that is finished and debugged.