In Skyrim, skill-ups in weapon skills are based on damage dealt.

Does this rely solely on the calibur of your weapon, or does the enemy's health also factor in?

For exmaple, if I use the fortify restoration-alchemy glitch to fortify my smithing to godly levels, and then temper my sword to do a trillion damage per shot, could I then instantly max out my one-handed skill by one-shotting a single wolf?

Or would that wolf only give me 15-20 hit points of damage towards my skill-up?

The skill gained is dependent on the base damage of the weapon.