Before release, when asked what made Skyrim different from Oblivion, Todd Howard answered: A more unique sense of culture. Even one year after release now, I have a little bit of trouble finding it. Can you point me in the right direction?

Now, there certainly seems to have been a coherent Nordic culture in the past. Skyrim is filled with remnants of the Dragon Cult, and you often find references to the animal pantheon in puzzles. But none of that seems to be of any importance for 4th era Nord. They believe in Shor and Sovngarde, in the part that Kyne played in their creation - yet you don't find any shrines or temples or other significant religious places to reflect that, besides that one temple for Kyne in Whiterun. There's also a special temple to Dibella in Markarth and one to Mara in Riften, but I feel that is exactly the problem: By splitting this worship between cities, I don't get the feeling of something "Nordic", but something specific to only those towns. It seems the only common practice throughout Skyrim are the Halls of the Dead for Arkay - and where the hell did that come from?
Even religion aside, I get the feeling that everyone in Skyrim is defined by their job, and they don't like doing anything in their free time besides looming over a bottle of mead in the local inn.

So, could anyone tell me some quests or locations that take the old Nordic pantheon or specific Nordic culture and practices into account? Else, I might have to wait for the Skaal in Dragonborn ...

The only one regarding the Nordic pantheon that I know of are http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Kyne%27s_Sacred_Trials.

Pretty disappointed about the lack myself. I have a character who follows the old pantheon, and there are few ways for her to express that. Even in Oblivion there was a priestess in Bruma who talked about converting the heathen Nords, but it seems in the interim they've all been converted. I would have liked to see restoring the Nord pantheon as part of the Stormcloak quest line, for instance. Ysmir Reborn!

If I was a modder, this would be my project. Unfortunately I don't have the skillz for it.

The Skaal aren't typical Nordic culture either. They're offshoot animists, with two main gods (All Maker and the Adversary).