Well i thought they did not attack to you accept the quest i did and my first attack was at whiterun around level 14-15 ish
The vampire attacks are nothing to do with the Dawnguard, they can attack towns as soon as you hear about the attacks, maybe before if you get a glitch.
My first character visited Windhelm just after the DLC was installed, heard about the attacks from a guard and immediately got one. He was attacked at every town he entered till he finally went and joined the Dawnguard, then he was still attacked so decided to do the quests and become a vampire to see if he could get an easier life. He dumped Serana as soon as he could and went back to what he had been doing for a rest. I am not that much at using followers and Serana had been too glitchy, if I could have done the questline without her I would have.
Second character heard about the attacks and the Dawnguard on the first town she entered, nothing happened, she went off adventuring and doing quests, some person from the Dawnguard eventually caught up with her and told her about the Dawnguard, she was interested but in no hurry. She went up 20 levels from when she first heard of the attacks and never got an attack. At about level 50 she went off and joined the Dawnguard, then she got lots of attacks. She had even more problems with Serana, was not interested in vampires so dumped her at the Fort and took off to recover.
The third character started at level 10, heard nothing about attacks till he got to level 17, the Dawnguard recruiter caught up to him and still nothing happened, which was fine, Rork is hopeless at fighting I hardly let him out these days it was such a waste of time creating an Orc Warrior. Out of curiosity I might go back and continue his quest to get to some peace talks, just to see how long it takes for him to get an attack. He has to eventually get better at surviving, I think he managed to get to level 22 before I lost interest. Rork is not really intending on joining any Dawnguard without a lot of encouragement, he would rather just continue what he is doing.