Let me paint a scenario. Imagine that you have an old pentium 4 and managed to play a pc game that is just above your pc's abilities. You may be able to play it for awhile, but your machine will overheat and the stress will eventually cause the components to break.
Likewise, the bug in Skyrim overtaxes the ps3 system. Pete Hines admitted this in the holiday announcement, go look. Taxing the system is a very specific word in the technology industry. It means you're working something harder than it should be. People have been playing for one hour until the game slowed down to a crawl and took this as just a time to restart the console and not let it have time to cool down. The fact is, them starting the system over and over again may have just been wearing the ps3 down to the breaking point.
This is a viable problem and we should all be aware of it. It would take actually testing and studies to rule out this possibility. Once that has been done, we can say the game can't damage or is damaging systems. I seriously doubt that this is a common problem if it does exist. Some ps3's are simply at the end of their life and this is their natural end (consoles are likely to break down on a game you play a lot, regardless). It'll be difficult to prove that anyones' system was damaged. I fear that something like this could seriously open the flood gates for people to take unfair advantage of the situation and make false claims just to get something they want for free. But there may be those few people who actually deserve compensation.
Additionally, it technically wouldn't be the game itself damaging the system, it would be the save file. The game with a smaller save file functions normally without any need to restart the system.