Well, after all those hours of hard work -- I've been at this since 8 this morning, so about 12 hours with a break for lunch -- I can FINALLY report...
That it doesn't work.
Nope. I succeeded brilliantly in getting the new mesh with the correct texture into the CK and into the game, and it looks exactly as it should. The problem is that it's not harvestable, just like all my previous efforts.
It appears that our original premise "the only difference between a harvestable plant mesh and a non-harvestable plant mesh is the collion data" is wrong. And I just don't know what else to try. I've compared meshes line-by-line in NifSkope and compared objects minutely in the CK. I cannot find a single difference.
If you take a vanilla harvestable plant mesh, say the canisroot01.nif, and rename it to testplant.nif, it still works. You can change its object ID, or create a new object entirely using that testplant.nif, and it works. You can change the ingredient it gives you when harvested, you can change the name of the plant to be This Is A Test Plant, and it still works.
What you CAN'T do is use a different mesh. Whenever you use a nonharvestable plant mesh, it simply shows up in game as a static object and sits there, not showing the activator or the Harvest "Plant Name" message on mouseover.
I'm just... really frustrated here.

There is NO difference in the two meshes, and yet somehow, there is.
I was so hopeful when I finally got that mesh into the CK, too. I realized belatedly that I'd picked the wrong fiddlehead plant, and actually had to laugh at myself after all the hours of stressing out over this, heh. It's probably one of the other five treeswordferncluster nifs rather than the 06.
I have a save with my character standing right in front of the plant that I really wanted so I should be able to figure out which mesh it really is pretty easily. That's my plan for the morning, at least it'll give me some satisfaction to do something that I can succeed at before I plunge back into harvestable hell for another day. Or however long it takes before I make this work. I've put too much effort into it to toss the whole project now.