Of course I disabled all my mods yadda yadda yadda. I heard there have been problems with Aela's Radiant Quests before, so I hope I can somehow pass this glitch.
Edit: Through experimentation I found out "CR11" (the Wuuthrad Fragment "Retrieval" quest) was indeed what she was trying to start but couldn't for some reason. By using "setstage cr11 10" I initiated the quest and it correctly removed Aela's dialogue option as well as gave a valid location for the Fragment of Wuuthrad. Here's hoping I can continue with the Companions!
Odd though, UESP.net says the "Retrieval" quest has a pre-requisite of one of two Radiant Quests...maybe because I already killed a Silver Hand leader with the quest immediately following becoming a Werewolf, where Aela herself joins you, that counts?