I know about those :
- Instant restore magicka/stamina/health
- Boost magicka/stamina/health absolute value
- "Strength" : increase carrying capicity
- water breathing
- skill bonus potions like :
- bonus damage of destruction magic
- longer duration of alteration spells
- bonus to blocking
( not confirmed )
- boost magicka/stamina/health regenration per second ( those effects are found in some items, which can be made by cooking so it is quite probable that it will be available in potions as well )