I remember having the problem with the Giant's Toe for ages. You only need one for the quest, but they all stack so every single one you pick up becomes a quest item until you complete the quest. If I remember correctly, you need the Giant's Toe and two other ingredients. Unfortunately, I can't remember which quest it was for (though I have vague memories of it being possibly located in Ivarstead.
The real problem you're facing is with the book, unless this was fixed with a patch.
1. No problem. Some books are the "quest giver" and you start a quest just by reading them. Two that come immediately to mind are Boethiah's Proving and The Legend of Red Eagle. In both those cases, and presumably others, the title of the book is reflected in the quest name/objective (go to Boethiah's Temple, go to Red Eagle Redoubt).
2. Problem. Some books are the targets of Radiant Quests but they are static items, sometimes in locations that never respawn. You may find yourself just exploring some random cave and pick up a book with some cool title and decide to keep it. Later on you are given a quest to go to that cave and retrieve the book. You can't turn in the book you already have and it won't spawn at the cave you're sent to which essentially breaks the quest. Again, I haven't kept up with the patches since 1.5 so this may have been fixed.
EDIT: I just looked up Giant's Toe to try and identify the quest:
Spoiler The quest is http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:A_Night_To_Remember. When I had the problem with the Giant's Toes, the quest started at Ivarstead, but it can start in any town.