Malachite and Corundum corrospond to their in game forms (just like iron and steel), hence me noting that in the OP. Corundum looks like corundom and malachite looks like malachite. Since you use them in bonded ceramic applications, this makes sense. Corundum at least, in the real world, is artificually produced for some hardened cermaic applications. Moonstone looks, in game, like its real life form but im not sure how it could be used.
Quicksilver, as you point out, doesnt corrospond to its in game form.
Since Ebony is a glass im going to put it down in my book as just "magic obsidian" Note that i dont bother refering to Daedric ebony. It is just another form (a more powerful form, granted) of the material.
Your explenation for how the Dwemer get their metal makes since, but could you give a link to the book that details this or name the game where it is revealed?
Also, this still doesnt explain orc metal.
It did indeed, but Quicksilver is the closest we get here. Dwarves in this setting, the Dwemer, use their own fantasy metal. Orchicalcum functions much like Mithril, a heavy rare metal thats better than steel.
Corundum and malachite are smelted into blatantly metallic ingots, not to mention that "glass" in TES is semi-metallic (Light Armor Repair), not ceramic. And in what way does http://images.uesp.net/c/c8/SR-item-Corundum_Ingot.jpg correspond with http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Several_corundum_crystals.jpg/240px-Several_corundum_crystals.jpg. So they are similar in name only. And the colour of malachite ore but not the processed material.
Moonstone is worked into shapes that are hardly possible for a mineral like it (assuming the gold coloured parts of elven armor is moonstone).
Ebony in TES is metallic as The Armorers Challenge and Heavy Armor Repair describe techniques to work it like it is a metal.
Dwemer metal is not explicitly described as made from souls but the lore-forum has a general consensus that that is the case, an alternative theory is that it is simply some common alloy but the Dwemer changed the laws of nature as how they apply to the metal.
Orc metal is obviously based on the real-world fictional metal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orichalcum although it doesn't share many traits with orichalcum as it is normally described, Dwemer metal actually has more in common with common descriptions of orichalcum than the orichalcum in Skyrim.
And mithril is LIGHT, that is a consistent part of its properties wherever is appears.