Can I rename an .esp without being worried about something going wrong?
In Oblivion, at least, the file tree for voice recordings had at some level the name of the originating esp as a directory name, and if you changed the name of an esp that made use of voice (such as the unofficial patches) without adjusting that directory name, you would fall back to the silent movie era, as far as those recordings are involved. (All the above assuming, that my recollection is accurate.)
I have not checked how that is with Skyrim, so this concern could be totally mistaken. And besides, most mods don't use sound anyway, so that would be a very, very, very special case, and unlikely to be an issue even if the concern were relevant.