I notice when I find things when I'm out and about, it lists the value of the item on the item screen. When I try to actually sell it back however, the amount of gold that I get back is a tiny percentage of what I actually saw listed in the items menu. Do certain people pay more for your items? If not -- what's the best way to make some more coin?

Without doing any research or anything, I'm gonna assume and recommend that you look into a Barter or Speech type skill. IIRC that's how it was in Oblivion. -GL

Awesome, thanks.

I thought I read somewhere that people will like you more if you do things for them, or if you are affilliated with them, and that could net you better prices. Not entirely sure though.

Speechcraft will net you better deals. You can also use potions of barter/speechcraft, and enchanted items with bonuses to bartering and speechcraft, to increase this further.

Not sure on this, since it seems they removed disposition.

At least you can sell things. If I try to sell something to a Hunter they just take the item and not give me the gold.

The hunter I ran into only had something like 11 gold, practically nothing. That could be why.