ive got the same issue. at first the rings were all dragons, which i believe is the position theyre supposed to take during the opening animation; i couldnt turn them at all at that time. i left the skuldafn temple and re-entered, this time the rings were dragon-moth-wolf and i could move them, but the door wont open just like you said.
really hope this gets fixed soon, or theres some kind of workaround. you think they wouldve prioritized this, considering that i cant exactly just walk away and do something else due to the location. ive run into several painfully bad quest bugs already, but this is the first thats game-breaking.
EDIT: i got the door to open, through the tried and true method of dumb luck. i dont know how successful youll be trying to repeat my results, but heres what i did. i loaded up my save, ran all the way back outside, and went into the west tower. i cleared it, got the loot, ran back outside, and saved. i quit the game, loaded the save, and ran through the whole temple again. when i got to the door it was still in the correct position, but for good measure i turned all the rings again. then, through some insane wizardry, the door decided to work. so, at the very least its probably not some permanent bug forever burned into your save file. screw around enough, and it might work itself out; good luck

.