Generally speaking, by default corpses are cleared after 72 game hours. However, in some cases the corpses could remain there "permanently" if it is in an area which is related to a quest and does not respawn. For example, the corpses of the bandits at Outpost Zimonja never disappeared after I eliminated them until recently. I cleared the outpost when I was level 18, they did not disappear until a few days ago when I was level 60.
If you move an existing indoor / outdoor object (like a vase), it's position will reset when the area respawns. However, if you place an object from your inventory indoors / outdoors, then that object will be persistent in the world until you pick it up. Note that there seems to be some type of bug when placing some items on a table shelf. Eventually those objects can be "knocked over" even if no one is around. I placed some vases in a floating room that no settler should be able to access because there are no stairs leading up to the floating room and there is a roof. Sooner or later I would see the vases on the floor of the floating room or on the ground.