I think Soul Trap is one of them enchants that devours charges but I'm not 100% sure. I just stick to Fire/Frost/Shock damage for the most part.
Of course Soul Trap uses a Charge, it is an Enchanted Spell.
If you want to use less charge per use, then either make a weaker enchantment so it uses less charge per use, or, train up the magic school for the Spell that is Enchanted on to your weapon.
Besides, it's not like Soul Gems are hard to find in this game, almost every merchant sells them, filled or empty.