I think the issue is that industrialization as we know it at ALL is exceptionally complex, relying on countless subsystems and component systems in order to be working. The idea that there would/should be industry populating the Commonwealth (or indeed the rest of the continental US) after the devastation described in Fallout lore is almost absurd. Additionally, the statement made earlier in the thread that things should have been back to normal in "a few decades" actually shows a nearly complete lack of understanding of what any sort of industrial or manufacturing industry does on a realworld, realtime basis.
If total nuclear annihilation had actually happened, it is not out of the question whatsoever for the world in Fallout 4 to be a fairly good representation. Let's consider a few facts:
- In today's world (and undoubtedly the same way in FO's nuclear powered society) one farmer and a small support team can grow enough food to feed hundreds and hundreds of people on acreage that a hundred years ago, when things were more or less human or animal powered, would be able to feed fifteen to twenty five people.
- Industry as we know it relies on countless systems and subsystems, as aforementioned. Even at a VERY high level: raw materials need to be mined, grown, gathered, or processed. They then need to be transported to some facility. There, that facility needs to be able to produce a sustainable output. Then that output has to be sent to stores/distribution points/etc. This is just a very basic view of the process, and even here, you can see where a team of raiders/supermutants/synths could come along and cause damage to that point in the chain (which would delay or shutdown every link in the chain thereafter).
- Only advanced societies allow for industry to happen in the first place (along with other things like art, science, history, and other advanced knowledge fields). In short, if you have a village of 200 people, and all of them are involved in the growing of crops or the hunting of game, then there's no one left over to be involved in things like building widgets, or what-have-you. So, you'd only start seeing advanced technology/science/industry in very large societies where there were plenty of people involved in growing enough to food to feed everyone, allowing some others to apply themselves to those other industries.
- Tools. There is a point where a post-nuclear-apocalypse world simply wouldn't be able to come back to where they were before the fall. Take a factory for example. The simple technological scale alone would end any real efforts towards getting a factory up and running again. The tools and knowledge to make/generate the tools and knowledge (not a typo) needed would ultimately be too great. "Ok, I know I need to repair this super advanced machine, so in order to do that, I'll need these super advanced tools, so in order to get those, I'll need to build this other advanced machine that makes those tools needed in order to repair that super advanced machine, and oh, the repair will also need these parts that aren't just lying around, so I'll need ANOTHER, DIFFERENT advanced machine to make this certain part I need (which I don't even know I need because I have no idea what I'm even looking at, or what this giant machine in this warehouse even does)..." and on and on.
So, in summation: food would be scarce in the Fallout world where there's not that much powered agrarian/farming machinery. Some Mister Handy's or Protectrons aren't going to allow a Farmer to seed two THOUSAND (have you ever actually seen that much land at once?) acres in anything approaching a reasonable time. So, settlements will remain small, because it becomes exponentially more difficult to feed more people when you're having to do everything by hand. And so no one has any time to start learning advanced engineering concepts when they're exhausted from a long day of being out hunting radstags or growing mutfruit.
All in all, I see no issue with Fallout's world being a bombed out wasteland 200 years after the bombs fell. It's actually very realistic. Finding so many things lanterns, books, or canned spam still around 200 years later? Now, that's maybe not as realistic...