Or more than four days without you being in the area. Though desks, filing cabinets and lockers seem to respawn on game reloads for some reason, but only when completely empty. Possibly related to the respawning creatures on reload issue.
Never had any container respawn in Goodsprings, personally. I've stored stuff in Easy Pete's cabinet, Doc Mitchell's cabinet, and the Sunset Sarsaparilla crates next to the ammo/work benches.