I think one-shot ancient on master can be done only if with
1. maxed bow/arrow
2. 130% fortify marksman potion
3. x3 critical sneak
Not sure if the Critical Shot perk needs to trigger also.
Without any of the above condition I don't think it can be done at all, using a bow. I'm not sure adding "a bit" of elemental damage would help much seeing as your bow is already 1600+ damage and the elemental damage does not get boosted by the x3 sneak critical.
I've tried it even with weakness to magic 65% + weakness to opposing element 97% + marksman potion 130% + fortify destruction 162% and no go. They do add up the damage pretty neatly though. It requires 4~5 direct arrows to kill Auldin on Masters, without SA multipliers. With this setup, 2 SAs from bow, it is possible to 2 shot an ancient. Both arrows must have *3 critical multipliers though - and that's tricky cause the first shot will alert the dragon.
I wonder if a max Marked For Death > Shadow Warrior > SA arrow works?
SA * 30 mutlplier with elven daggers (100+ base damage) using standard power attacks (no perk) works.