AFAIK, as Dragonborn, you are the only one capable of truly killing a dragon, since you absorb its soul. Dragons killed by others can be raised again by the "Slen Tiid Vo" shout that Alduin used. I am not sure whether other dragons can use that shout, but it is a fact that you are the Last Dragonborn, as stated by the prophecy, and prophecies always come true in TES.
The key is advanced technology... or shall I say advanced magic in skyrim. If you're capable of absorbing a human soul and storing it inside of a soul gem why can't you do it with dragon? Farengar Secret-Fire from whiterun is a dedicated researcher of the dragons, and during the MQ he was able to gather up some scales and collect blood samples from Odahviing. I'm certain that in time he would discover (with the help of Sergius Turrianus and Phinis Gestor) and invent a spell that can trap a dragon soul and then after it's dead to absorb it into a soul gem. For none mages Sergius Turrianus could help Farengar with his research to find the knowledge to enchant weapons with this new skill to help town guards to officially kill dragons if present.
Since Alduin is not officially dead (His soul wasn't absorbed by the dragonborn) he can come back at anytime, even after the Dragonborn is long passed his mortal years.
