The same thing was happening to me earlier and it was annoying the hell out of me. It is either the caravan or hunting shotgun, I'm 100% sure. At the very end I was fighting two NCR heavies who both had shotguns, everytime you get hit you get staggered. They can chain stagger you to death at times, can't vats, heal, shoot, or anything when it happens.
Yes, this is it, exactly. They trap you in a stagger-chain and there's literally no way out but death. I'm wary to say this is a bug so much as a balancing issue.
Note that I've even had this happen to me in the middle of VATS - meaning I essentially spent the entire slow-mo portion staggering backwards until I died. It was pathetic.