I'm having this issue as well. I didn't realize an update occured (curse you Steam!!)...
Taking a look at other threads, seems more than a few people are having this problem. One theory is that the update rendered one or more popular mods useless.. currently trying a fresh reinstall of the game without mods... I'll post results once everything is done... mainly using this post as a placeholder and also re-enforcing that the op isn't alone here with this issue. I have already tried the amd catalyst uninstall/rollback to 12.1, still no go.
update: everything finally finished updating and such. deactivated all mods that auto update via steam and all manually added mods have been left out. I am now able to actually get into the game and start my save file, tho the game crashed while I was navigating the menus to quit out of skyrim anyways

it's almost 2am for me tho, so I'm done for the night XD I'll try again tomorrow to see if I can start a new file to test stability. If all is stable, I'll try testing with a few mods, in increments until I'm back up to my old number, to see if I can isolate if mods did this and if so, what mod is the culprit. Someone mentioned "new kill animations" from this recent update... could it possibly be that the mods I have that modify the kill animations (maing them widely available, forcing 3rd person for each one, etc) caused it? We shall see.
Update to the update: New kill animations for unarmed are cool! You can suplex people now from behind or kick them in the daddy bags XD
Identified the following mods as causing the instant crash:
-"Half Elf" race from the workshop at http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=9886 . Downloading and installing the Racial compatibility mod from http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/downloads/file.php?id=10165 fixed this issue.
All is well! all other installed mods are giving no problem, and I'm using ALOT of mods XD