I have heard that it does work, I don't know if it works for all followers but I don't see why it wouldn't (glitches aside). I haven't really tried it but I may have to give it a go. Would be really nice if you are trying to make money by selling stuff that you enchant, double your soul traps, double your fun.
Edit @ OP: if Argis put an arrow into them from his soul-enchanted bow, and they died within the specified time limit, the soul trap would work no matter whose weapon dealt the damage that killed them. So most likely he was getting a shot in and then you were getting the kill but it was quick enough that his soul trap was still active.
I always pick the longest possible time limit when I soul trap a bow, especially if I'm using followers, as it maximizes the chances that the killing blow will happen while the trap is still active even if it comes from a different weapon.