The stealth style is itself very powerful, allowing for incredible levels of tactical play. Combine it with illusion magic and it does not double the effectiveness. It skyrockets it. One issue I had was that I became so effective at getting enemies to kill themselves or walk into traps that my one-handed skill and light armor were rarely put to use. There are so many things that fall under the umbrella of stealth style play though. Keeping a supply of the weakest arrows on hand to use to shoot from a shadowy alcove towards some other spot so enemies nearby go investigate comes to mind. You can use that to send an enemy over a rune, into a trap, or to slip by a well lit area, or just to position them to sneak up and sneak attack.
I was doing the "Summerset Shadows" thieves guild improving quest. As listener for the Dark Brotherhood, Nightshade has no problem killing. A killer she is, but she also has a twisted sense of honor (she's a complicated character). The thieves guild's policy is to try not to murder on jobs. Soooo...
Spoiler when she found a note that proved the Summerset Shadows were not actually murderers, she resolved to do the entire job without killing a soul. Including the optional objective of setting their flag on fire before leaving. The main objective included getting a silver locket which is in their leader's possesion. This necessitated drawing him out to investigate until he was in a position to slip up behind him and use a skill she rarely uses, pickpocket.
for that reason, and as a pure challenge to myself, I went into the hideout and did all the objectives including the optional and left without killing anyone. Just a bunch of patience, distractions with arrows, and very careful timing. A masterful piece of stealth work that was more fun than I've had in an Elder Scrolls game in a long time.
As for the limits on Illusion's effectiveness, it's not that bosses have some special "immunity" per se, although you can't use the spells on undead, automatons, or constructs until you get the 100 skill perk. If a boss is not one of those types, it may be that the level of person or creature your spells can effect is not high enough, as bosses tend to be at least a few levels higher than the rest. I've made master necromancers turn on their underlings, or more frequently fun, their weaker underlings turn on the master to weaken him, then move in to finish him off. The most useful information I found on the fury/calm/fear spells was on the talk page of the UESP wiki's Illusion page http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim_talk:Illusion. Dual cast slightly more than doubles highest level you can land on AFTER the additions for kindred mage, rage, and other such perks. vampire boosts it all by 25% further, and illusion potions boost by their set percentage too.