they use stimpacks. Just drop some of them in their inventory.
As has been said, they use them if they have them... Its been that way since Fallout 1.
Are you sure? Bonne did not use single one and I play with him for quit some time already. Did not find anything related in game texts either. I don't remember Fallout 1 anymore but in Fallout 2, yes they used stimpacks and other chems. There was interface to set when and how. That's what inspired me to write this post in the first place.
And I don't talk about interface where you can apply stimpack to companion yourself. I speak about companions using stimpack (and other healing chems) from their own inventory on their own.