Used my onboard sound (VIA chip) before and also had the low volume bug. I did put in the soundcard, disabled all onboard sound stuff (both in BIOS as in Windows), installed drivers and so on. Also did set the main volume of Skyrim to 1 again in skyrimprefs.ini.
And what a difference this makes: all of a sudden I hear all kind of things in Skyrim. Normal footsteps, sound of far away rushing water, insects in the night making sounds, and so on, and so on. And most important: I can clearly hear everything that is said now
This all with normal good quality 2-way speakers.Of course it's still a bug in Skyrim that volume is just way and way to low with onboard sound. But I am glad I did took the step to buy a separate soundcard. Did buy it mostly to see if it could solve the Skyrim sound problems but my music now also sounds a bit better, it's more "there".
I don't know it's a overall advise, but for where I am standing: when you have a bit older motherboard (I have the Asus M4A785TD-V EVO) and using onboard audio? If you can spare the money, just go for a simple (or not
) soundcard and good change you'll notice the difference 

). Boo!