Basic attention to supply and demand would solve a lot of the imbalance. For example, in the frozen white northern holds, furs should be plentiful and therefore less expensive. In the Reach, silver and gold are plentiful, and so forth, it's already built into the game (white-furred animals in the snowfields, etc,) so why not use it?
Say you kill a few snow bears and a couple of snow saber cats near Winterhold. You could sell them locally, for a low price, or you could haul them off to Falkreath for more coin. This sort of thing would lend at least a suggestion of an economy.
The idea is good, I just think you've got it turned backwards. Furs and hides should eb plentiful in the plains and forests (wolves, mammoths, sabercats, etc) and rare in the northern wastes where it's too harsh for many animals to survive. The furs would be even more valuable in the northern holds as it's that much colder. Furs provide shelter and protection from the elements.
There is an economy mod out there that does things like this. Local resources (from ore to alchemy ingredients to weapon/armor availability) are cheaper and more plentiful when purchased from their home region. The converse is then true to buying and selling non-local resources.