Well, I started playing a thief again for the first time in months, and I discovered that in the training room in the Cistern, there are 2 pieces of Thieves Guild armor just sitting on a shelf. I found those before getting my initial set of armor from Tonilia, and the pieces she gave me stacked with the two I picked up (hood and gloves, I think), so presumably if you've sold yours you can pick these up to trade in to progress the questline.
I didn't see this listed as a fix in the latest patch, so I'm not sure if it was always there or not. Either way, hope this helps someone.
