I killed the bandit chief for the Trouble in Skyrim quest before actually getting the quest to do it from the companions, and now, the quest marker just leads me to the dead bandit chief's body with no ability to kill him again and I cannot complete the quest. I'm playing the PC version, is there some console command I can use to resurrect him so I can kill him again?

You've already said the command Open up the console, select the dead body, type in "resurrect"