If you are getting hit by hevay enemy fire, then your character may be "stumbling", otherwise known as taking KO damage, which can build up and lead to your character falling down. While stumbling, it doesnt appear that you can do anything, including openieng pip-boy, firing your wepon, reloading, or entering VATS.
I do not remember this happening in FO3, so they must have added it to New Vegas. Definitely something the game could have done without (and should have). Wait until your getting shot by four or five automatice weapons on very hard difficulties... better have alot of sneak because your'll never get a single round off.