I don't think it's ever explained...to my knowledge the only things we know are on the terminals in the vault, all of which address the experiment there.
Given the nature of the experiment, two groups being segregated, paranoia being induced etc and the knowledge of what happens in most vaults...it's probably a good bet that they killed eachother and the survivors fled. No lock on the door, so to speak.
However this demands the knowledge of what happened then? There are no, to my knowledge, vault 19 jumpsuits outside of it, no references, nothing. Perhaps it was shortly after the war, in which case all would be long gone.
Basically, it seems to be a guessing game, I don't know of any source which has info on the vault other than the in game information.