I know not to always believe the books, but they have to be in the game for some reason or another. To at least try to add SOME backstory lol..
Care to explain the last sentence in the book then?: "The World-Eater wakes, and the Wheel turns upon the Last Dragonborn."
It means, when Alduin shows up, the Last Dragonborn will show up too.
And since it's already established that you're the Last Dragonborn, no other Dragonborn will be born again. It is pretty much fated that Alduin will die, because really: if there will be no other dragonborn, it is imperative that there will be no more dragon overlords (because if dragons wreak havoc, Akatosh would've created another Dragonborn to sort out the mess)
As for why Alduin is in Helgen, there really is no explanation. There is 100% no reason for Alduin to actually be there in the first place. If anything, the first place he would've visited is
High Hrothgar, because
it's the place where the great Thu'um users were trained, and as such will be the most likely place a Dragonborn will reside
Also, Alduin knows that just about everybody can use Thu'um, he himself was struck by 3 Thu'um users, none of which are Dragonborn. Relying on the fact that Ulfric is a true Nord to determine whether he's a Dragonborn or not is very unwise, but Alduin is probably not that wise
Further, even if we speculate that Alduin is there for the Dragonborn simply because
he sensed the DRagonborn, it makes no sense whatsoever that he can't sense the fact that the Dragonborn is still alive, and chose not to kill him personally along with Salohknir. Then again, perhaps he's really not that wise.
Lastly, Alduin need not have to attack when the Dragonborn is in Helgen. He could have attacked right after the Dragonborn was captured along with Ulfric (if he can't be certain whether the Dragonborn is a badass dragon-absorber or not). It is imperative to say that at least a few hours have passed when the Dragonborn arrives in Helgen, Alduin could've attacked at any point in that time.
Also to note is the fact that
Alduin did not actually attack the Dragonborn, he simply messed around and swiped a few Dragon-soulless guys. If you cite the moment where he breathes fire into the tower, he could've breathed fire right at the Dragonborn
when he's literally perching above the Dragonborn a.k.a. a few minutes before without much interruption, if at all.
Not to mention the question: "When did Alduin show up exactly?" If he
just showed up, he could've been confused and attacked the first human settlement he encountered, explaining why he didn't attack the Dragonborn, but the Helgen itself
If he had arrived at least one day before, he could've sniffed the Dragonborn and try to find him
HOWEVER, this assumes that
Alduin can sense the presence of the DragonbornAnd the most logical explanation is that he
can'tSo, why is Alduin at Helgen? Lore-wise it's either because it's the first settlement he came into or an archer from Helgen accidentally shot him with an arrow while hunting an eagle for its feathers, and Alduin is one grudging guy
Technical-wise, it's because the developers put him there. There really is no actual explanation