Not at all similar. The redguards gave up nothing. The thalmor were forced out and the redguards said they wouldn't continue their attack if the thalmor stayed out.
Actually, to make the Thalmor leave, they signed the Second Treaty of Stros M'kai, which, while nowhere near as harsh as the White-Gold Concordat, was like the White-Gold Concordiat (which separated the Empire from Hammerfell) in that it ensured that Hammerfell will be bound to be unable to rejoin or assist the Empire in any future conflicts. This was after a brutal, five years war that left the southern half of the country almost uninhabitable due to scorched-earth tactics. This is including the majority of the legion's assistance helping defeat much of the Thalmor army in Hammerfell, earlier in the war, and, when the legion general had to return to Cyrodiil, he declared a good third of his army, including a large portion of highly skilled veterans, as "invalids", so they could legally stay behind and lead the defense of Hammerfell. That group was then responsible for a huge rout of Aldmeri forces with guerrila warfare that slowly bled the main army in Hammerfell to death, allowing a treaty to be signed.
Despite this, the main goal of the Thalmor was still accomplished - relationships between Hammerfell and the Empire were damaged, possibly irrevocably, which is exactly why the Thalmor demanded Hammerfell in the first place.
Having accomplished making Hammerfell split off from the empire in their grand plan of divide and conquer, they moved to their next target : Skyrim. Ulfric was all too happy to oblige, with a little deliberate taunting from the Thalmor, and bam, he's making humanity fight each other again. Another win for the thalmor.
I can point you to morrowind if you like. You had the legion there. You had the town guards. And you had the ordinators and armigers which were the tribunal's army. Or perhaps I should point you to daggerfall where with the aid of the numidium, the armies of 3 kingdoms were able to take over their surrounding rivals. The empire has been pretty lax on allowing places to keep forces in the past. The septims were fine with it so long as you stayed allied.
Morrowind had special terms - they were much more independent than any other province, having joined peacefully with a treaty that left them a whole lot of self-influence (including legal slavery, which was illegal everywhere else). However, I wasn't aware about the daggerfall armies - I have to wonder how big they are, though - certainly the Empire would never allow any of their subjects to have anywhere near even a fraction of their military might.
The nord also praises the elves of Riften because they actually attempted to fit in. You can see the difference in attitudes between the two cities.
If by "fit in" you mean "conform" that's a pretty terrible attitude to take. Riften isn't exactly a.. shining beacon of prosperity either. The whole place is so rotten to the bone as far as corruption goes that the Jarl isn't even really a stormcloak supporter - she mumbles 'oh yeah ulfric is nice and whatever sure yeah' - she's pretty much a puppet for her Altmer advisor and Maven Black-Briar. Generally the powerful are the ones that institutionalize racism, and racism is unprofitable, so nobody particularly cares.
A lot of the nords in the rebellion liked the empire. The empire stood for mankind and didn't oppress them. Talos had really left a good impression on them. Harboring the enemies agenda was a betrayal to them hence their defection. These are not all stormcloaks though. Beth unfortunately isn't going to voice in backgrounds for every single person.
Those nords are pretty fickle friends, then - the second that Talos's greatest work, his grand empire encompassing the whole continent, shows a sign of weakness, and the second they need Skyrim's help the most, they pounce like jackals, abandoning them. I'm not sure that's showing much respect to Talos.
The empire doesn't 'harbor the agenda of the Thalmor' - they hate the thalmor just as fervently as any stormcloak. Hell, they hate them MORE than the stormcloaks. They were the ones who had their homes razes, their families killed, their armies destroyed, and their lands ruined, ultimately in a futile war. They are the ones that were nearly destroyed, while Skyrim is untouched by the war due to the sheer luck of not sharing a border with the Thalmor. The Nords have no right to judge what Cyrodiil had to do, really. Maybe if the Thalmor had invaded Skyrim directly somehow instead of Cyrodiil, and had their capital crushed and their populace devastated, and if they were forced to sign a treaty banning worship of Talos or die, then they might have a say, but.. they didn't.
It's crazy to think that the imperials welcomed their oconquerors with open arms and gladly support them in every way - they're just biding their time to strike.
I did read the book. Hammerfall didn't barely survive. In fact it wasn't until the legion washed their hands of hammerfall until they started winning battles. The southern coast was devastated under imperial command, not Redguard.
I'm pretty sure I said the only force left was the one in Hammerfall, and the Redguards took care of that on their own without any support.
Again, the Legion left surreptitiously left a huge portion of their army behind to lead an insurgency, and the vast majority of the Thalmor army followed the imperial army, to attack the Imperial City.
The Thalmor leaders know that removing Talos is the key to alduin's return. See the link above.
Where are you getting this? The Thalmor dossier on dragons is pretty much "where the hell are these guys coming from? Maybe we can take advantage of them, but we need to figure out what's up with them first"
The Thalmor want to get rid of Talos because he's the god of humanity, and humanity and Talos are an anchor keeping the world mundane, physical, and mortal, instead of the immortal, spiritual, timeless cosmos that existed before the dawn of time. All the 'towers' in the prophecy are actually some of the metaphysical pillars that the stability of the universe rest on too, and you might notice that in every game, one falls. Each tower has a 'stone' - an object that allows it to function. Numidium's stone was it's heart thing, which was destroyed. Red Mountain's was the Heart of Lorkhan, which was destroyed. White-Gold's was the Amulet of Kings, which was destroyed. Several have even fallen off-screen (The one in the Aldmeri Dominion, for one). The Thalmor want to presumably get rid of the rest to end the world and prevent it from ever existing again, to allow elves to become immortal gods again instead of mere mortals. If Alduin destroys the world before that happens, a new world would just be born afterward, which is not the end they desire.
The Throat of the World, where High Hrothgar is one, but we have no idea what the stone of it is - possibly it's already gone? Possibly it's something as simple as a high king to rule Skyrim, due to the way that the prophecy is phrased.
Interestingly enough, the first, the most powerful, and possibly one of the last towers in existence is the Adamantine Tower in High Rock - one of the last provinces of the empire, and sharing a border with Skyrim and Hammerfell, as well as the Aldmeri Dominion - I wonder if the next Thalmor are setting things up so that High Rock will have no one to come to defend it if they invade, so they can move in and take out the Ur-Stone.
I'm not sure that was a 2 way relationship. Torygg highly respected Ulfric and even supported the stormcloaks. Ulfric finally snapped and took Toryggs current tolerance of imperial rule as approval. Partly because he desperately wanted to strike out against the Thalmor, and partly because he's a bit power mad. If the reason you dislike stormcloaks is because you don't like Ulfric, I can totally agree with you there. Ulfric needs to go, he's a detriment to the cause.
Had Ulfric tried to convince Torygg instead of going off the deep end, he probably would've garnered a lot more support for the stormcloak cause.(Solitude is a rather influential hold, and the high king holds a good deal of sway too.)
If you talk to his mother, she says that Torygg was an adoring fan of Ulfric, much to her disapproval. It's possible that Ulfric is too much of a [censored] to accept that an 'imperial lapdog' might admire him, though. Still, Ulfric could have avoided the entire civil war by just asking Torygg to join him or step down - then Skyrim would at least secede cleanly as a whole nation.