A higher muzzle velocity doesn't equate to more recoil. A .45 ACP averages around a 900ft/sec muzzle velocity while a 9mm Luger averages around 1300ft/sec, and almost everyone knows that the .45 ACP has a much higher recoil.
However, I can tell you from personal experience of owning and having fired both a Mosin Nagant and M1 Garand that the Mosin does have a stronger recoil. Again, though, it's going to depend on the load used.
See there, you're comparing a fatter/heavier round, to a slender/lighter round. 9mm Luger is 9x19mm, while the .45ACP round is 11.43x23mm, and the two can't be properly compared to one another since they're not equal in the first place. .30-06 Springfield in millimeters, is 7.62x63mm, which the 7.62 part equates to .30 caliber, just as the 7.62 on 7.62x54R, equates to .30 caliber. The two can thus be compared more evenly than 9mm Luger and .45ACP, hence why I stated the amount that the .30-06 was coming out at. If both are .30 caliber, and have the same amount of gr.'s, then my statement still holds. If I had compared a .30-06 in 182gr.'s to a 150gr. 7.62x54R round, then my use of muzzle velocity would have been incorrect.
And as Vometia stated, the weight of the gun itself, also comes into play when determining recoil. Which is also why I stated the 1903 Springfield, and not the M1 Garand, which is heavier and bulkier. Both the M91/30 Mosin-Nagant, and 1903 Springfield are a little more than 8 lb.'s each last I checked, which puts them on an even more scale, when comparing them both to shooting 150gr. bullets.
You could also compare the British .303 (7.7x56R) round at 174gr., to the Japanese 7.7mm (7.7x58mm) round at 174 gr., and see that the kick in shooting either of those rounds through their respected rifle, would about the same. And both of those are nearly equal in weight as well.