On the edge of a brown, tussocky grassland with sparse vegetation and clusters of rocks, with tall, snowy mountains looming nearby, stands a rocky outcrop/hill. On the edge of this hill is a short fortification wall, surrounding a small, rustic city with wooden buildings, built with full logs as main supports rather than cut planks and with curved, Norse style carvings and patterns. On the end of the roofs, some of the buildings have wooden beams crossed, and others carry carved horses, the symbol of the city. At the top of this hill and city, there is a large and ornate, mostly wooden hall where the city ruler lives. So what place am I talking about? This description fits just as well for either one. The places aren't identical but the inspiration is obvious as hell.
So... you mean both are inspired by Norse architecture?
These are the images I've found of Edoras.
http://img-nex.theonering.net/images/scrapbook/orig/8378_orig.jpg
http://img-nex.theonering.net/images/scrapbook/1591.jpg
Doesn't look much like what I've found in Whiterun, aside from colors.
This is Edoras's location.
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1428/538189210_58543abb06.jpg
Looks more like the stuff I see on my drive from home to university than anything I've found in Skyrim.
http://28.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lvl5kqV1MZ1qfsssio1_500.jpg
Aside from geography, which can be found many, many places in the world besides LoTR's movies, and the fact that they're both on a hill (Whiterun being on a much smaller hill), I really do not see the resemblance. Sorry.
Seeing bushland right next to a mountain range is something you'll see in almost any mountain range in the world. Just look at the Sierras. Looks like the Mojave desert to me.