If you want to look for culture, advances in philosophy, mathematics and the arts, then you'll have to look to the ancient Greeks. For Romans, these subjects were only useful as a means to an end; they never seem to have developed the sort of curiousity that the Greeks had for them. Greek scientists were inventors, Romans were more pragmatic, and even after they had conquered Greece gladly left these subjects to the Greeks. Obviously Roman authors also produced some great works, but they were always in the service of glorifying the power of Rome. To the Romans, the Greeks were seen as effaminate men, because they busied themselves so with subjects that seemed to have no practical use to them.
A core of elected government based on democratic ideals, holding off and subjugating their barbarian neighbors with the worlds best military. A military that took in and sold slaves, eschewed women for man-love, and brainwashed its soldiers into absolute love and devotion for the army. Are we talking about Rome or Sparta here?
Roads, police, fire-fighters, support for religious freedom, and two centuries of peace: all of these were the result of the romans being right bastards to everyone not roman.